Environmental Aspects

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"A hospital is no place to be sick."
(Samuel Goldwyn, Hollywood movie producer)

Anfang nvironmental considerations are becoming more important all the time, and the worst environmental conditions on earth are to be found in the largest of our metropolitan areas.

  • General
  • Current Developments
  • Some facts about the Greenhouse Effect
  • Outcome of the Kyoto Conference in 1997
  • Which environmental problems will the beam-carried traffic solve?

General

O ur use of available energy sources on this planet is heavily unbalanced and terribly wasteful! It is unbalanced insofar as we are heavily dependent on fossil fuels for the proper functioning of producing things that we want. And it is terribly wasteful insofar as:
  • We produce things with a short lifespan to keep people buying new things (what is generally known as "consumerism")
  • We lavish huge resources on producing weapon systems, which are only means of destruction
  • We waste energy; many of our production facilities are not as efficient as they could be.
Swedish warning sign before railway crossing The most wasteful of all human inventions is the motorcar! At best, it only converts about 20 % of the energy available in the gas into useful work! The other 80 % is a complete waste, and actually serve to degrade the environment! But the motorcar has become such a central part of our civilization that we could not function without it. Thus, unless some means of transportation which is cheaper and better than the motorcar is invented, every local battle on behalf of the environment will be lost to road vehicles. All current prognostications bear this out.

Motor vehicles are the major polluters in the cities! This is true even in third-world countries, where only a minority of people own motorcars. Consider, for instance, the Indian capital of New Delhi, a city which in year 2003 had about 14 million inhabitants and 4 million motor vehicles. The sources of air pollution there were:

New Delhi, India From private households:8 %
Industries:12 %
Power plants:16 %
Motor vehicless:64 %

Current Developments

  1. The share of fossil fuels in the world´s energy consumption is slowly increasing. In the year 2010, according to present estimates, the total energy consumption the world over will to about 90 % consist of fossil fuels. The oil consumption will clearly play a dominant part! About 60 % of the yearly oil production will be used up by the road traffic. The oil price will, according to estimates from IEA, in 2012 be 60 % higher than today (2004).

  2. The road traffic in the world would double within the next 30 years, were it not for the coming oil shortage which will probably dampen this development. This is faster than the population explosion, which will cause a doubling of the world's population in 40 - 50 years time. This is all assuming that something drastic isn't done! The priorities should be on technical development, public transport systems and city planning. This, however, won't be enough! To steer development in the right direction, the price of oil and gas need to be about 4 times as high as today by the year 2015. This should be done gradually, be means of taxation.

  3. An American company has investigated the changes in 21 different environment factors during the years 1970 - 1992, in 9 industrial countries. The environment in all those countries got worse by almost 1 % per year, all factors taken together. The pollution from road vehicles, consisting of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon hydrates are the dominant reason for this development.
    Concerning the diagram at right; the dominant "pollution" is carbon dioxide. It is wrong to consider this as a pollutant. If it were, we would all have to stop breathing! It is included here as an indicator how much chemical fuel of various kinds is consumed. Almost half of all carbon dioxide comes from the road traffic. The diagram also shows that 85 % of the very poisonous carbon monoxide comes from the road traffic!

  4. Air pollution in Western countries is actually causing more deaths than vehicle accidents! A study in Austria, France and Switzerland regarding the impact of small particles called PM10 in the air revealed that:
    • 33% of all PM10 came from road traffic. In the cities, this figure was around 50%.
    • long-time exposure to traffical pollution caused 21 000 premature deaths a year in these countries, beacuse of breathing disorders and hearth failures. This figure is twice that of traffic deaths in these countries (which were about 9900). Granted that this effect is hard to measure, since the general condition of individuals also come into play.
    • During one year, air pollution caused 300 000 cases of bronchitis among children and 557 000 asthma attacs.
    • The total costs to society because of road traffic pollution were estimated to 27 billion EU (about the same in $ US) for one year in the 3 countries. That corresponds to 1.7% of the GNP, or $ US 300 per person and year.
To the Environmental Protection Agency website

The AQI tells how clean the air is

Diagram of air pollution in Stockholm County

Air pollution from diesel oil and rapeseed oil

Nor is biological substitutes for oil always better for the environment. In the diagram above, a comparative test has been made, running a car on alternatively diesel oil and rapeseed oil (RME). The test results are measured in grams per kilometer of travel. RME is clearly no alternative at the present.

FFV's (FFV = Flexible Fuel Vehicle) are becoming more common in Western cities. Their advantages are that their fuel sources are renewable. The most commom fuels in this context are etanol, rapeseed oil and mixtures containing real oil.

Using MTBE in fuel

The water in nearly 9,000 community wells in 31 of the U.S. states has a foul odor and bad taste, due to an oxygen-rich compound that is added to gasoline to make it burn cleanly, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. It is MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether) that has been contaminating water supplies. The U.S. 1990 Clean Air Act requires gasoline in areas with serious air pollution to contain at least 2 percent oxygen by weight. Oil refiners turned to the additive MTBE to meet this requirement, because it is less expensive than other oxygenates such as ethanol.
But MTBE leaks from underground storage tanks and contaminates water supplies. It has a distinctive odor and taste that can be detected at extremely low levels; in a disputed study it has been shown to cause tumors in laboratory rats. So, the Clinton administration on March 20, 2000, proposed to ban MTBE and replace it with ethanol.

A study released by the National Academy of Sciences in May 1999 concluded that oxygen-enhancing gas additives such as MTBE and ethanol do little to cut smog. Advances in refining and automotive technology mean air-quality standards can be met without the addition of oxygenates, the oil industry contends.

Websites of Interest

Prognostications for environmental damages as population and traffic volumes increase should be made and put an evaluation upon. These effects should, in other words, get a price tag, so it becomes clear to everyone how much damage our present modes of transportation does to the environment, and to human health. 4 Internet-sites that could be valuable in this context are: Highway, Traffic Pollution and Human Health which is a site in Japan,
National Library for the Environment and
Amazing Environmental Organisation, both of them in the USA, and
United Nations Environment Program, a data base in Geneva.
Statistical tables and plenty of other related and up-to-date information regarding human habitation can also be found at the World Resources Institute. This is the real reference site for information about the environment.
World Resources Institute

The state of California has, because of its poor air quality created CARB (California Air Resource Board), which duty it is to implement severe restrictions after a tight schedule.As far as motor vehicles are concerned, the goal is to have only zero emission-level vehicles on the roads. There is an index of American Internet-information about air pollution where CARB is included.

Some facts about the Greenhouse Effect

Anfang he temperature on the earth´s surface (the biosphere) is regulated by nature in a rather complex manner. Some components of the atmosphere serve to maintain the temperature at a certain level by retaining some of the lower-frequency radiation reflected by the earth, while letting the higher-frequency radiation from the sun pass thru, down to the surface. Without water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere the earth's temperature would average - 18 degrees C! The present level of these gases tend to keep the temperature at about + 15 degrees C. But thanks to our burning of fossil fuels, the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere has been staedily climbing for the past 100 years. They are today at a 25 % higher level than before the industrial revolution.

The yearly emissions of carbon dioxide is roughly 20 billion tons! Some of this is absorbed by new growth, a lot is absorbed by the oceans, about half of it stays in the atmosphere. What effect will this have?

A spontaneous reaction with many people is that a couple of degrees warmer won't make much difference. On the contrary, in colder climates it could be seen as something positive. But the effect is not going to confine itself to warmer temperatures.

Rather, it will lead to a destabilisation of the earths weather, as compared to what we are used to. The precise effects are, however, hard to predict with any certainty, because of their complex nature. There might be desertification in some areas, colder in other areas, melting of the polar icecaps, more storms, violent downpours and inundations, and so forth. The rise in violent and unpredictable weather patterns have already been noted, but to what extent they are caused by rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere is hard to say.

The Brown Haze

In August 2002 a haze of enormous proportions was covering a large part of Asia; China and India in particular. It had an average thickness of 3 kilometers and covered more or less 16 million square yards. It was to 80% caused by human actions, consisting of:
  • soot particles from forest fires and cooking fires
  • aerosols
  • industrial emissions
  • exhaust fumes from road vehicles

The cloud was to thick that it was clearly visible from satellites, and it was a dramatic result of nature´s inability to dispell human-produced pollution at the same rate it is created. The sun´s rays interact with some of these particles, creating chemicals that are quite poisonous. The results:

  • Deteriorating health for millions of people
  • 15% reduced sunlight
  • 10% reduced harvests and slower growth of forests
  • Colder climate in the affected area, maybe enough to create havoc in the entire world´s weather pattern.

Insofar as much of this is caused by exhaust fumes from road vehicles, different modes of transportation could make a considerable difference.

Outcome of the Kyoto Conference in 1997

The diagram above shows at a glance what this conference was up against. It shows the carbon dioxide output from fossil fuels in kilogram per person during the year of 1996, for a few sampled countries, for the EU-countries and for the world as a whole. Two targets for carbon dioxide output from fossil fuels have been assigned for the whole world. One upper limit is set for the year 2050 and the other for the year 2100. Judging from today´s trends, these targets are not very likely to be met. The world´s economy needs the energy which it gets from burning fossil fuels, and getting this energy in other ways requires heavy investments. So, president George W. Bush announced in April 2001 that the USA will not strive to fulfill the target set for the USA at this conference!

Which environmental problems will the beam-carried traffic solve?
What would it be worth?

Locally:

Queues after a traffic accident

Traffic congestion: In urban areas where beam-carried traffic is introduced, the ground could be rendered entirely free from motor vehicles. The traffic will be moved up in the air, indoors or below the ground, and at a considerably lower cost than with all other alternatives.

Barrier effects and land reclamation: Pedestrians, bikers, greenery and buildings will reclaim the ground that used to be streets, highways and parking areas.

Exhaust fumes: In urban areas which have thus gotten rid of motor vehicle traffic, there will no longer be problems with air pollution and consequential diseases, cancer and allergies, etc.

Noise: The fuel engine will be replaced by the electrical motor. The motor and the roadway will be sealed inside a hollow beam. All noise will disapper, only the soft aerodynamic "whosh" in the air will be heard, as a car pass by.

Accidents: All meeting and crossing traffic is eliminated. All uncoordinated mixing of vehicles with unprotected pedestrians and travelers is also eliminated. The use of computers in the "driver´s seat" will eliminate the "human factor" as a cause of accidents.

Spreading of the cities: Parking areas which adjoins shopping malls and work places could be put to other use. The need for roads, roundabouts and parking garages would gradually be reduced.

Pollution: Soot, rubber from tyres, auto parts, etc. will disappear. A limited build-up of rubber particles from the wheels inside the beams will regularly be vacuumed by maintenance vehicles.

Chemicals: Glycol, oil spills, metal rust etc, will be reduced as the use of motorcars disappear.

Regionally:


Sinking of the tanker 'Prestige' off Spain in November, 2002. Erosion: Ornaments, metals, sewer pipes etc because of acid rains will gradually disappear with the motorcars.

Forest damages: Ozon-, Nitrogen-, aluminum-, lead- and quicksilver damages on the forests will be reduced.

Agricultural damages: Corresponding damages to agriculture will diminish.

Freshwater pollution: Quicksilver- and aluminum poisoning of lakes and subsoil water will be reduced.

Coastal water damages: Oilspills and seepage from oil refineries will be reduced.

Globally:


Sinking of the tanker 'Prestige' off Spain in November, 2002. To top of Page Destruction of the Ozone layer: Freon is not the only cause of the depletion of the ozon layer. As the use of freon decreases, nitrogen oxides will play a bigger part in this process. The main source of this pollution is the world's motor vehicles. As they (hopefully) get to be replaced by beam-carried traffic systems, this source of nitrogen oxides will be eliminated.

Oil damages to the seas: Oil drilling in the seas and transport of oil by ship are presently a big source of sea pollution. The beam-carried traffic goes a long way to eliminate the need for oil.

Acidification of the ground: This is caused by acid rains, and makes it harder for most plant life to survive. This acidity is caused by the pollution of the air of nitrogen oxides, and it also poisons lakes. The short-term remedy is calcification of forests and lakes, which is both expensive and inefficient. The long-term solution is the replacement of combustion engines with other kinds of engines.


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Last Updated: 2007-01-17
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