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"A hospital is no place to be sick." |
nvironmental considerations are becoming more important all the time, and the worst environmental conditions on earth are to be found in the largest of our metropolitan areas.
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ur use of available energy sources on this planet is heavily unbalanced and terribly wasteful! It is unbalanced insofar as we are heavily dependent on fossil fuels for the proper functioning of producing things that we want. And it is terribly wasteful insofar as:
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Motor vehicles are the major polluters in the cities! This is true even in third-world countries, where only a minority of people own motorcars. Consider, for instance, the Indian capital of New Delhi, a city which in year 2003 had about 14 million inhabitants and 4 million motor vehicles. The sources of air pollution there were:
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The AQI tells how clean the air is![]()
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Nor is biological substitutes for oil always better for the environment. In the diagram above, a comparative test has been made, running a car on alternatively diesel oil and rapeseed oil (RME). The test results are measured in grams per kilometer of travel. RME is clearly no alternative at the present. FFV's (FFV = Flexible Fuel Vehicle) are becoming more common in Western cities. Their advantages are that their fuel sources are renewable. The most commom fuels in this context are etanol, rapeseed oil and mixtures containing real oil. |
Using MTBE in fuel |
But MTBE leaks from underground storage tanks and contaminates water supplies. It has a distinctive odor and taste that can be detected at extremely low levels; in a disputed study it has been shown to cause tumors in laboratory rats. So, the Clinton administration on March 20, 2000, proposed to ban MTBE and replace it with ethanol. A study released by the National Academy of Sciences in May 1999 concluded that oxygen-enhancing gas additives such as MTBE and ethanol do little to cut smog. Advances in refining and automotive technology mean air-quality standards can be met without the addition of oxygenates, the oil industry contends. |
| Prognostications for environmental damages as population and traffic volumes increase should be made and put an evaluation upon. These effects should, in other words, get a price tag, so it becomes clear to everyone how much damage our present modes of transportation does to the environment, and to human health. 4 Internet-sites that could be valuable in this context are: |
Highway, Traffic Pollution and Human Health which is a site in Japan, National Library for the Environment and Amazing Environmental Organisation, both of them in the USA, and United Nations Environment Program, a data base in Geneva. Statistical tables and plenty of other related and up-to-date information regarding human habitation can also be found at the World Resources Institute. This is the real reference site for information about the environment. |
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| The state of California has, because of its poor air quality created CARB (California Air Resource Board), which duty it is to implement severe restrictions after a tight schedule. | As far as motor vehicles are concerned, the goal is to have only zero emission-level vehicles on the roads. There is an index of American Internet-information about air pollution where CARB is included. |
he temperature on the earth´s surface (the biosphere) is regulated by nature in a rather complex manner. Some components of the atmosphere serve to maintain the temperature at a certain level by retaining some of the lower-frequency radiation reflected by the earth, while letting the higher-frequency radiation from the sun pass thru, down to the surface. Without water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere the earth's temperature would average - 18 degrees C! The present level of these gases tend to keep the temperature at about + 15 degrees C. But thanks to our burning of fossil fuels, the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere has been staedily climbing for the past 100 years. They are today at a 25 % higher level than before the industrial revolution.The yearly emissions of carbon dioxide is roughly 20 billion tons! Some of this is absorbed by new growth, a lot is absorbed by the oceans, about half of it stays in the atmosphere. What effect will this have? |
![]() A spontaneous reaction with many people is that a couple of degrees warmer won't make much difference. On the contrary, in colder climates it could be seen as something positive. But the effect is not going to confine itself to warmer temperatures. Rather, it will lead to a destabilisation of the earths weather, as compared to what we are used to. The precise effects are, however, hard to predict with any certainty, because of their complex nature. There might be desertification in some areas, colder in other areas, melting of the polar icecaps, more storms, violent downpours and inundations, and so forth. The rise in violent and unpredictable weather patterns have already been noted, but to what extent they are caused by rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere is hard to say. |
The Brown Haze
The cloud was to thick that it was clearly visible from satellites, and it was a dramatic result of nature´s inability to dispell human-produced pollution at the same rate it is created. The sun´s rays interact with some of these particles, creating chemicals that are quite poisonous. The results:
Insofar as much of this is caused by exhaust fumes from road vehicles, different modes of transportation could make a considerable difference. |

| The diagram above shows at a glance what this conference was up against. It shows the carbon dioxide output from fossil fuels in kilogram per person during the year of 1996, for a few sampled countries, for the EU-countries and for the world as a whole. Two targets for carbon dioxide output from fossil fuels have been assigned for the whole world. One upper limit is set for the year 2050 and the other for the year 2100. | Judging from today´s trends, these targets are not very likely to be met. The world´s economy needs the energy which it gets from burning fossil fuels, and getting this energy in other ways requires heavy investments. So, president George W. Bush announced in April 2001 that the USA will not strive to fulfill the target set for the USA at this conference! |
![]() Traffic congestion: In urban areas where beam-carried traffic is introduced, the ground could be rendered entirely free from motor vehicles. The traffic will be moved up in the air, indoors or below the ground, and at a considerably lower cost than with all other alternatives. Barrier effects and land reclamation: Pedestrians, bikers, greenery and buildings will reclaim the ground that used to be streets, highways and parking areas. Exhaust fumes: In urban areas which have thus gotten rid of motor vehicle traffic, there will no longer be problems with air pollution and consequential diseases, cancer and allergies, etc. Noise: The fuel engine will be replaced by the electrical motor. The motor and the roadway will be sealed inside a hollow beam. All noise will disapper, only the soft aerodynamic "whosh" in the air will be heard, as a car pass by. Accidents: All meeting and crossing traffic is eliminated. All uncoordinated mixing of vehicles with unprotected pedestrians and travelers is also eliminated. The use of computers in the "driver´s seat" will eliminate the "human factor" as a cause of accidents. Spreading of the cities: Parking areas which adjoins shopping malls and work places could be put to other use. The need for roads, roundabouts and parking garages would gradually be reduced. Pollution: Soot, rubber from tyres, auto parts, etc. will disappear. A limited build-up of rubber particles from the wheels inside the beams will regularly be vacuumed by maintenance vehicles. Chemicals: Glycol, oil spills, metal rust etc, will be reduced as the use of motorcars disappear. |
Regionally:
Erosion: Ornaments, metals, sewer pipes etc because of acid rains will gradually disappear with the motorcars.Forest damages: Ozon-, Nitrogen-, aluminum-, lead- and quicksilver damages on the forests will be reduced. Agricultural damages: Corresponding damages to agriculture will diminish. Freshwater pollution: Quicksilver- and aluminum poisoning of lakes and subsoil water will be reduced. Coastal water damages: Oilspills and seepage from oil refineries will be reduced. |
Globally:
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